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path integration
Path integration is the name given to the method thought to be used by animals for dead reckoning.
== History ==
Charles Darwin first postulated an inertially-based navigation system in animals in 1873.〔 (The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online. ''Origin of Certain Instincts'': full text and facsimile ) Retrieved 28 February 2012〕 Studies beginning in the middle of the 20th century confirmed that animals could return directly to a starting point, such as a nest, in the absence of vision and having taken a circuitous outwards journey. This shows that they can use cues to track distance and direction in order to estimate their position, and hence how to get home. This process was named ''path integration'' to capture the concept of continuous integration of movement cues over the journey. Manipulation of inertial cues confirmed that at least one of these movement (or ''idiothetic'') cues is information from the vestibular organs, which detect movement in the three dimensions. Other cues probably include proprioception (information from muscles and joints about limb position), motor efference (information from the motor system telling the rest of the brain what movements were commanded and executed), and optic flow (information from the visual system signaling how fast the visual world is moving past the eyes). Together, these sources of information can tell the animal which direction it is moving, at what speed, and for how long. In addition, sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field for underground animals (e.g., mole rat) can give path integration.〔Tali Kimchi, Ariane S. Etienne‡, and Joseph Terkel, 2004. (A subterranean mammal uses the magnetic compass for path integration. ) PNAS, January 27, vol. 101, no. 4, 1105-1109.〕
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